Indonesia Independence Day - From the time it began to impose its trade monopolies and political dominations on the indigenous political communities the Dutch trading, and later, colonial power had always have to encounter local oppositions, either those that were led by the king, the loyal and local aristocrats or the ulama, the religius leader and teacher. The period between the second half of 18th and early 20th centuries Indonesia may well be described as the histories of the colonial expansions and exploitations as weel as that of local oppositions and rural rebellions. Political consolidation of the pax-neerlandice and the imposition of divergent structural changes could never wipe out this tradition of opposition. Not only was it later to become the most potent force of Indonesian nationalism it was also a driving ideological energy behind the search for the genuine national culture.
These emancipatory desires found their institutional channel with the establishment of the Boedi Uetomo, the first modern voluntary association on May 20 1998. " A miracle has taken place. The indies, the sleeping beauty, has awaken " a Dutch leberal commented and, indeed the B.O genuinely reflected the idealism of the educated youths. Through it was not really a model in the nationalism movements, its birth symbolizes the beginning of " national awakening ". After that a host of other organizations, some of them were more politically and economically oriented, emerged. In 1912 the incipient national-based organizations, The Sarekat Islam the first and trully mass-party, and the Muhammadiyah, the Islamic reformis educational organizations were established. The S.I ( Sarekat Islam ) was for a while also an haven of divergent ideologies.
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| Soekarno read Proclamation Teks |
It was, however, the racially mixed, but short lived, Indische Partij that sequarely addresed itself to the question of nationhood. Although is concept " Indisch Nationalism " was either to utopian or to weak sociology, the message is was trying to covery was obvious enough, a clearly defined new concept of national community was needed. This search for the proper boundaries of the nationhood was taken over by student and youth organizations, who tried to approach the problem from academic perspectives. In the meantimes the students who studied in Netherland were entering the era of political decisions. The simply took the antropological concept, Indonesia, as the name of the new "nation", called their journal, Indonesia Merdeka ( Freedom of Indonesia ) and made Indonesia free now as their slogan. On October, 28 1998, this daring decisions was symbolically legitimized by the youth pledge that they belong to one nation, one fatherland, and would uphold one unifying language. The search had been completed. A new paradigm of political and cultural disoursec had been found.
The symbolic significance of the Youth Pledge ( Sumpah Pemuda ) can hardly be exxagerated. It recognized the trans-etnic character of indonesian nationalism and, albeit indirectly, formalized the attainment of an independent and sovereign state as the immediate objective of the nationalist movement. It was within this established paradigm controversies over ideological foundations of the state and strategies of struggle were conducted . In the process not only human dignity, democracy, and social justice became the ideological cornerstones of the independence movement, the ideas of Indonesian nationalism and national unity gradually, penetrated into the consciousnes of general populations. When, finally, the goverment of the Netherlands-Indies decide to excile the most influential leaders Soekarno to Flores, Hatta and Sjahrir to Digul and later to Banda Neira and other it was already too late. Even the cooperative leaders of the " pergerakan " movements were ready to carry of the torch of the independence struggle.
The conquest of Netherlands-Indies by the Japanese Imperial Army, in March, 1942, took place at the lowest point in the colonial relationship. The euphoria of the liberation from Dutch colonialism was very short, indeed. Nevertheless, it proved to the people that the western power could be defeated. More importanly this period of economic hardship and suffering was also the time when the tradition opposition received is strongest patriotic impresses.
The unfortunate course of the so called Greater Asia war might have driven the Japanese to promise the independence of Indonesia. But by appointing some prominent leaders as the members of Investigative Body for the Preparation of the Independence of Indonesia ( BPUPKI ) on may 28, 1945, the Japanese military authoritis gave them opportunity to discus the philosophical and constitutional base of the Indonesian National state. It was in the sessions of the Investigative Body the 1945 Constitutions and the Pancasila, which was included in the preamble of the Constitutions, were first drafted.
In the beginning of August the BPUPKI was dissolved and the preparatory Committee for Independence of Indonesia was formed, with Soekarno as the chairman and Hatta as the vice chairman, it was to these two leaders the revolutionary youth appealed to declare the independence of Indonesia, without waiting for the endorsement of the Japanese authorities, soon after they heard the surrender of Japan.
The two leader waited until the proper moment. When the time came, there was no returning back. And, in August 17, 1945, The freedom of Indonesia declarated by Soekarno and Hatta
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